Evaluation of nutritional and chemical profiles in tuber crops from mining and non-mining areas in Ahafo, Ghana
Keywords:
Heavy metals, Cassava, Cocoyam, Food safety, environmental contamination
Abstract
The environmental repercussions of mining in sub-Saharan Africa, predominantly in Ghana, have raised precarious concerns about food safety and public health. This study evaluated the effect of mining on the nutritional and chemical composition of two staple tuber crops namely cassava (Manihot esculenta) and cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium), collected from mining-induced and non-mining communities in the Asutifi North District. A total of 120 tuber samples were sampled from twelve farms across four communities, including three mining-impacted sites (Kenyasi No. 1, Kenyasi No. 2, and Ntotroso) and one non-mining site (Wamahinso). Samples were analysed for concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As, Hg) and essential nutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, Na.) Results revealed significantly elevated levels (p < 0.05) of toxic metals in tubers from mining areas, with cocoyam and cassava from Kenyasi and Ntotroso exhibiting high levels of arsenic, cadmium, and lead. Contrariwise, nutrient levels, particularly phosphorus and potassium, were markedly higher in crops from Wamahinso, which served as the non-mining site. The results unveiled serious consequences for food safety, public health, and agricultural sustainability in the mining communities. The study therefore suggest policy actions such as routine monitoring of food crops, environmental education, spatial zoning, and the integration of agricultural impact assessments into mining regulations. Protecting staple food crops from environmental contamination is essential for ensuring food security and supporting the livelihoods of rural populations in Ghana and other resource-dependent regions.
References
Abouian, A. H., Ghasemi, A., & Mohammadi, M. H. (2020). Risk assessment of lead and other heavy metals in agricultural soils near mining areas. Environmental Earth Sciences, 79(12), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-08988-9
Adjei Mensah, R., Ofori, H., Tortoe, C., Johnson, P. N. T., Aryee, D., & Frimpong, S. K. (2021). Effect of home processing methods on the levels of heavy metal contaminants in four food crops grown in and around two mining towns in Ghana. Toxicology Reports, 8, 1830–1838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.01.029
Alengebawy, A., Abdelkhalek, S. T., Qureshi, S. R., & Wang, M. Q. (2021). Heavy metals and pesticides toxicity in agricultural soil and plants: Ecological risks and human health implications. Toxics, 9(3), 42.
Alfaifi, S. A. (2018). Cadmium accumulation in plants grown in mining-affected regions. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 37(9), 2345–2352.
Alloway, B. J. (2013). Heavy metals in soils: Trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability (3rd ed.). Springer.
Arienzo, M., Christen, E. W., & Quayle, W. C. (2009). Characteristics and fertilizer value of fly ash and bottom ash mixtures: Cadmium, chromium, copper and lead mobility in ash, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167(1-3), 273–280.
Ansah, F. O., Boakye, R., & Ofori, D. A. (2022). Assessment of health risks posed by mercury in artisanal gold mining areas of Ghana. Chemistry Africa, 5, 1765–1775. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-022-00453-xSpringerLink+2pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov+2
AOAC. (2005). Official methods of analysis (18th ed.). Association of Official Analytical Chemists International.
Asare, E. O., Boakye, D., & Adomako, D. (2021). Cadmium and lead accumulation in food crops: Influence of soil chemistry and plant type. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 78(2), 211–226.
ATSDR. (2012). Toxicological profile for cadmium. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp5.html
ATSDR. (2020). Toxicological profile for lead. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp13.html
ATSDR. (2022). Toxicological profile for mercury. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services). https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/... (official government profile)
Codex Alimentarius Commission (FAO/WHO). (2014). General standard for contaminants and toxins in food and feed (Codex Stan 193 1995). FAO/WHO.
Darko, E. O., Akoto, O., & Oppong, C. (2017). Heavy metal contamination of some selected tuber crops and the potential health risk in mining communities in Ghana. Environmental Systems Research, 6(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-017-0082-9
Dey, S., Mondal, M., Karmakar, A., & Das, M. (2024). Nutrient mining in soil ecosystems: Insights and implications. In Soil Ecosystems and Sustainable Management (pp. 91–107). Academic Press.
Ding, Y., Wang, Y., & Guo, H. (2013). Uptake and accumulation of arsenic by tuber crops in arsenic-contaminated soils. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 90, 76–81.
Donkor, A., Bonzongo, J. C. J., Nartey, V. K., & Adotey, D. K. (2005). Heavy metals in sediments of the Gold Mining Impacted Pra River Basin, Ghana, West Africa. Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability, 18(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3184/0954229067827758
Ericksen, P. J. (2008). Conceptualizing food systems for global environmental change research. Global Environmental Change, 18(1), 234–245.
Essandoh, P. K., Gikunoo, E., Arthur, E. K., & Foli, G. (2021). Impact of small-scale mining activities on physicochemical properties of soils in Dunkwa East Municipality of Ghana. Scientific Reports, 11, 9915. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99336-6
Essumang, D. K., Dodoo, D. K., Adokoh, C. K., & Amoako, S. O. (2013). Accumulation of heavy metals in foodstuffs from agricultural soils around Tarkwa, Ghana. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 95(4), 579–593.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Ghana.(2010). Report on the cyanide spillage incident at Newmont Ahafo Mine (2009). Accra, Ghana: EPA Ghana
EPA. (1998). Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment (EPA/630/R-95/002F). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/raf/ecological-risk-assessment
FAO/WHO. (2014). General standard for contaminants and toxins in food and feed (Codex Stan 193-1995). Codex Alimentarius Commission. Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/en/
FAO/IAEA. (2018). Soil and plant analytical methods: A training manual. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations & International Atomic Energy Agency. https://www pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/TrainingManual.pdf
Finster, M. E., Gray, K. A., & Binns, H. J. (2004). Lead levels of edibles grown in contaminated residential soils: A field survey. Science of the Total Environment, 320(2–3), 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.08.009
Garrido, F., Illera, V., & García-González, I. (2017). Lead availability in soils and its accumulation in crops near mining sites. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(2), 92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-5796-4
Gliessman, S. R. (2014). Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems (3rd ed.). CRC Press.
Gransee, A., & Führs, H. (2013).Magnesium mobility in soils as a challenge for soil and plant analysis, magnesium fertilization and root uptake under adverse growth conditions. Plant and Soil, 368, 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1567-y
Hayford, E. K., et al. (2015). Heavy metal concentrations in cassava and plantain from mining-affected sites in Tarkwa Prestea, Ghana. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(8), 8811–8831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120808811MDPI
Hemmler, K. S., Asare, K. Y., & Tenkorang, E. Y. (2024). Surface mining deteriorates soil fertility and crop nutrient profiles around Accra, Ghana. Scientific Reports, 14, 17063. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-66656-
IARC. (2018). Arsenic, metals, fibres and dusts. A review of human carcinogens (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 100C). International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono100C.pdf
Idris, A. A., et al. (2023). Effects of mining on physicochemical properties of soil and water at Ofiki gemstone mining site, southwestern Nigeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(12), 14251–14264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28760-y
Karaca, A., Camci, F., & Yilmaz, M. (2018). Contamination of agricultural soils with lead and its uptake by crops in mining areas. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(5), 4535–4546.
Kasowska, D., Gediga, K., & Spiak, Z. (2017). Low phosphorus uptake by plants colonizing post flotation copper tailings due to Ca–Mg phosphate precipitation. Environmental Science & Pollution Research, 25(1), 824–835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0451-y
Kumar, P., Sharma, R., & Singh, B. (2020). Immobilization of soil phosphorus by iron and aluminum oxides in mining-affected soils. Environmental Pollution, 265, 114915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114915
Li, L., Liu, Y., Pan, H., & Song, Y. (2021). Toxic metal accumulation in food crops grown on contaminated soils: A review of mechanisms and human health implications. Environmental Pollution, 268, 115948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115948
Mensah, A. K. (2023). Arsenic contamination in mining-affected soils and food crops in Ghana: Environmental pathways and human health implications. Environmental Research, 230, 115976.
Meuser, H. (2013). Salt mining heaps and salinity: Leaching of sodium and soil sodicity in mining affected terrain. In Soil Remediation and Rehabilitation: Treatment of Contaminated and Disturbed Land (Environmental Pollution, Vol. 23, pp. 70–90). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978 94 007 5751 6_6
Mongi, R. J., & Chove, B. E. (2020). Uptake of cadmium and lead in edible tubers: A comparison of cassava and cocoyam. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 90, 103490.
Padmavathiamma, P. K., Lakshmanan, P., & Devi, R. (2021). Effects of heavy metal contamination on phosphorus bioavailability in soils and crops. Chemosphere, 263, 127814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127814
Punshon, T., Jackson, B. P., & Meharg, A. A. (2017). Arsenic accumulation in tuber crops and risks to human health. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65(27), 5506–5513.
Qiu, Y. H., Tang, Y. L, Li, Z. G., Chen, C. M., Wei, Z. B., Guo, Y. J., & Wu, Q. T. (2024). Calcium–magnesium ratios optimize cadmium mitigation in rice: a synergy of soil chemistry and root barrier effects. Huan Jing Ke Xue, 45(12), 7226–7236. https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.202312185
Tetteh, K., Osei, R., & Amoako, J. (2019). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils around gold mining sites in Ghana. *Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191*(11), 685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7842-4
U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (2012). Toxicological profile for cadmium. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp5.html
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (1996). Method 3052: Microwave assisted acid digestion of siliceous and organically based matrices. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/esam/method-3052-microwave-assisted-acid-digestion
Victoria, A., & Nnebini, D. N. (2025). A systematic review of heavy metals in irrigation water and their effects on agricultural soil quality and crop production in Ghana. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 13*(1), 48–70. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2025.131004
WHO. (2020). Arsenic fact sheet. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/arsenic
WHO. (2020). Cadmium: Health effects, exposure and regulatory limits. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cadmium
WHO. (2020). Mercury and health: Fact sheet. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/... graphic.com.gh
WHO. (2020). Lead poisoning and health: Fact sheet. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead-poisoning-and-health
Xu, X., Zhao, Y., & Wang, W. (2015). Arsenic uptake and distribution in cassava grown in contaminated soils. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187, 580.
Zhao, F. J., McGrath, S. P., & Meharg, A. A. (2009). Arsenic uptake and metabolism in plants. New Phytologist, 181(4), 777–794.
Adjei Mensah, R., Ofori, H., Tortoe, C., Johnson, P. N. T., Aryee, D., & Frimpong, S. K. (2021). Effect of home processing methods on the levels of heavy metal contaminants in four food crops grown in and around two mining towns in Ghana. Toxicology Reports, 8, 1830–1838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.01.029
Alengebawy, A., Abdelkhalek, S. T., Qureshi, S. R., & Wang, M. Q. (2021). Heavy metals and pesticides toxicity in agricultural soil and plants: Ecological risks and human health implications. Toxics, 9(3), 42.
Alfaifi, S. A. (2018). Cadmium accumulation in plants grown in mining-affected regions. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 37(9), 2345–2352.
Alloway, B. J. (2013). Heavy metals in soils: Trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability (3rd ed.). Springer.
Arienzo, M., Christen, E. W., & Quayle, W. C. (2009). Characteristics and fertilizer value of fly ash and bottom ash mixtures: Cadmium, chromium, copper and lead mobility in ash, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167(1-3), 273–280.
Ansah, F. O., Boakye, R., & Ofori, D. A. (2022). Assessment of health risks posed by mercury in artisanal gold mining areas of Ghana. Chemistry Africa, 5, 1765–1775. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-022-00453-xSpringerLink+2pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov+2
AOAC. (2005). Official methods of analysis (18th ed.). Association of Official Analytical Chemists International.
Asare, E. O., Boakye, D., & Adomako, D. (2021). Cadmium and lead accumulation in food crops: Influence of soil chemistry and plant type. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 78(2), 211–226.
ATSDR. (2012). Toxicological profile for cadmium. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp5.html
ATSDR. (2020). Toxicological profile for lead. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp13.html
ATSDR. (2022). Toxicological profile for mercury. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services). https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/... (official government profile)
Codex Alimentarius Commission (FAO/WHO). (2014). General standard for contaminants and toxins in food and feed (Codex Stan 193 1995). FAO/WHO.
Darko, E. O., Akoto, O., & Oppong, C. (2017). Heavy metal contamination of some selected tuber crops and the potential health risk in mining communities in Ghana. Environmental Systems Research, 6(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-017-0082-9
Dey, S., Mondal, M., Karmakar, A., & Das, M. (2024). Nutrient mining in soil ecosystems: Insights and implications. In Soil Ecosystems and Sustainable Management (pp. 91–107). Academic Press.
Ding, Y., Wang, Y., & Guo, H. (2013). Uptake and accumulation of arsenic by tuber crops in arsenic-contaminated soils. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 90, 76–81.
Donkor, A., Bonzongo, J. C. J., Nartey, V. K., & Adotey, D. K. (2005). Heavy metals in sediments of the Gold Mining Impacted Pra River Basin, Ghana, West Africa. Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability, 18(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3184/0954229067827758
Ericksen, P. J. (2008). Conceptualizing food systems for global environmental change research. Global Environmental Change, 18(1), 234–245.
Essandoh, P. K., Gikunoo, E., Arthur, E. K., & Foli, G. (2021). Impact of small-scale mining activities on physicochemical properties of soils in Dunkwa East Municipality of Ghana. Scientific Reports, 11, 9915. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99336-6
Essumang, D. K., Dodoo, D. K., Adokoh, C. K., & Amoako, S. O. (2013). Accumulation of heavy metals in foodstuffs from agricultural soils around Tarkwa, Ghana. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 95(4), 579–593.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Ghana.(2010). Report on the cyanide spillage incident at Newmont Ahafo Mine (2009). Accra, Ghana: EPA Ghana
EPA. (1998). Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment (EPA/630/R-95/002F). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/raf/ecological-risk-assessment
FAO/WHO. (2014). General standard for contaminants and toxins in food and feed (Codex Stan 193-1995). Codex Alimentarius Commission. Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/en/
FAO/IAEA. (2018). Soil and plant analytical methods: A training manual. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations & International Atomic Energy Agency. https://www pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/TrainingManual.pdf
Finster, M. E., Gray, K. A., & Binns, H. J. (2004). Lead levels of edibles grown in contaminated residential soils: A field survey. Science of the Total Environment, 320(2–3), 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.08.009
Garrido, F., Illera, V., & García-González, I. (2017). Lead availability in soils and its accumulation in crops near mining sites. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(2), 92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-5796-4
Gliessman, S. R. (2014). Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems (3rd ed.). CRC Press.
Gransee, A., & Führs, H. (2013).Magnesium mobility in soils as a challenge for soil and plant analysis, magnesium fertilization and root uptake under adverse growth conditions. Plant and Soil, 368, 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1567-y
Hayford, E. K., et al. (2015). Heavy metal concentrations in cassava and plantain from mining-affected sites in Tarkwa Prestea, Ghana. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(8), 8811–8831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120808811MDPI
Hemmler, K. S., Asare, K. Y., & Tenkorang, E. Y. (2024). Surface mining deteriorates soil fertility and crop nutrient profiles around Accra, Ghana. Scientific Reports, 14, 17063. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-66656-
IARC. (2018). Arsenic, metals, fibres and dusts. A review of human carcinogens (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 100C). International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono100C.pdf
Idris, A. A., et al. (2023). Effects of mining on physicochemical properties of soil and water at Ofiki gemstone mining site, southwestern Nigeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(12), 14251–14264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28760-y
Karaca, A., Camci, F., & Yilmaz, M. (2018). Contamination of agricultural soils with lead and its uptake by crops in mining areas. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(5), 4535–4546.
Kasowska, D., Gediga, K., & Spiak, Z. (2017). Low phosphorus uptake by plants colonizing post flotation copper tailings due to Ca–Mg phosphate precipitation. Environmental Science & Pollution Research, 25(1), 824–835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0451-y
Kumar, P., Sharma, R., & Singh, B. (2020). Immobilization of soil phosphorus by iron and aluminum oxides in mining-affected soils. Environmental Pollution, 265, 114915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114915
Li, L., Liu, Y., Pan, H., & Song, Y. (2021). Toxic metal accumulation in food crops grown on contaminated soils: A review of mechanisms and human health implications. Environmental Pollution, 268, 115948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115948
Mensah, A. K. (2023). Arsenic contamination in mining-affected soils and food crops in Ghana: Environmental pathways and human health implications. Environmental Research, 230, 115976.
Meuser, H. (2013). Salt mining heaps and salinity: Leaching of sodium and soil sodicity in mining affected terrain. In Soil Remediation and Rehabilitation: Treatment of Contaminated and Disturbed Land (Environmental Pollution, Vol. 23, pp. 70–90). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978 94 007 5751 6_6
Mongi, R. J., & Chove, B. E. (2020). Uptake of cadmium and lead in edible tubers: A comparison of cassava and cocoyam. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 90, 103490.
Padmavathiamma, P. K., Lakshmanan, P., & Devi, R. (2021). Effects of heavy metal contamination on phosphorus bioavailability in soils and crops. Chemosphere, 263, 127814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127814
Punshon, T., Jackson, B. P., & Meharg, A. A. (2017). Arsenic accumulation in tuber crops and risks to human health. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65(27), 5506–5513.
Qiu, Y. H., Tang, Y. L, Li, Z. G., Chen, C. M., Wei, Z. B., Guo, Y. J., & Wu, Q. T. (2024). Calcium–magnesium ratios optimize cadmium mitigation in rice: a synergy of soil chemistry and root barrier effects. Huan Jing Ke Xue, 45(12), 7226–7236. https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.202312185
Tetteh, K., Osei, R., & Amoako, J. (2019). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils around gold mining sites in Ghana. *Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191*(11), 685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7842-4
U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (2012). Toxicological profile for cadmium. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp5.html
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (1996). Method 3052: Microwave assisted acid digestion of siliceous and organically based matrices. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/esam/method-3052-microwave-assisted-acid-digestion
Victoria, A., & Nnebini, D. N. (2025). A systematic review of heavy metals in irrigation water and their effects on agricultural soil quality and crop production in Ghana. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 13*(1), 48–70. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2025.131004
WHO. (2020). Arsenic fact sheet. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/arsenic
WHO. (2020). Cadmium: Health effects, exposure and regulatory limits. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cadmium
WHO. (2020). Mercury and health: Fact sheet. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/... graphic.com.gh
WHO. (2020). Lead poisoning and health: Fact sheet. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead-poisoning-and-health
Xu, X., Zhao, Y., & Wang, W. (2015). Arsenic uptake and distribution in cassava grown in contaminated soils. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187, 580.
Zhao, F. J., McGrath, S. P., & Meharg, A. A. (2009). Arsenic uptake and metabolism in plants. New Phytologist, 181(4), 777–794.
Published
2025-09-25
How to Cite
Bonnah, F. A., Novor, S., Appiah, P. M., Frimpong, P. E. O., Sarfo, P. D. A., & Acheampong, R. (2025). Evaluation of nutritional and chemical profiles in tuber crops from mining and non-mining areas in Ahafo, Ghana. IJO - International Journal of Agriculture and Research ( E:ISSN 2814-189X ) (P.ISSN: 1595-9295), 8(09), 01-20. Retrieved from https://ijojournals.com/index.php/ar/article/view/1146
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2025 IJO - International Journal of Agriculture and Research ( E:ISSN 2814-189X ) (P.ISSN: 1595-9295)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Author(s) and co-author(s) jointly and severally represent and warrant that the Article is original with the author(s) and does not infringe any copyright or violate any other right of any third parties and that the Article has not been published elsewhere. Author(s) agree to the terms that the IJO Journal will have the full right to remove the published article on any misconduct found in the published article.
