AN APPRAISAL OF BANKS COMPLIANCE WITH CORPORATE GOVERNANCE CODES IN NIGERIA

2026-01-28T09:27:08+00:00

Regulatory institutions in Nigeria continues to redirect the affairs of the economic units operating in the financial sector towards desired growth and sustainability. Yet, ample empirical evidence is lacking on the extent of compliance with the provisions and principles of the different Codes of Corporate Governance established, especially for listed banks in Nigeria. Thus, this study closed this gap by providing empirical evaluation of the extent to which listed banks comply with the provisions and principles of corporate governance codes in Nigeriausing data from 12 deposit money banks listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX) over 13 years period of 2011 to 2023.The data was analyses using inferential and descriptive approaches.

The research found that the level of compliance of the banks to provisions and principles of the different codes of corporate governance was very high. However, not all the banks fully acted in line with the codes and regulations, especially in the aspect of board diversity. It is therefore not unexpected that the discrepancy in the level of compliance of each bank to each corporate governance mechanism is likely to have occurred and with their different impact on sustainability and the financial performances of the respective bank during the period under consideration. It can also be deduced that the board diversity is not likely to have as much significant influence relative to other corporate governance mechanisms such as board size, board independence, and board diligence.

Understanding Public Transport Avoidance in Indonesia: A Narrative Review of Psychological Safety Deficit and Trust Asymmetry as Core Barriers to Adoption

2026-01-31T06:54:01+00:00

Public transport adoption in Indonesia remains limited despite substantial infrastructure development and
ongoing improvements in operational performance. This narrative literature review synthesizes multidisciplinary findings
to explain why Indonesians continue to prefer private and platform-based mobility options. The analysis centres on two
underexamined yet critical mechanisms: Psychological Safety Deficit (PSD) and Trust Asymmetry (TA). PSD refers to
users’ perceived lack of emotional security, agency, and predictability when navigating shared mobility environments,
shaped by concerns regarding harassment, crowding, poor visibility, and inconsistent real-time information. TA captures
the persistent imbalance between trust in public transport institutions and the higher trust placed in private mobility
platforms, often reinforced by fragmented governance, opaque incident handling, and limited responsiveness.
Drawing on literature from 2015 to 2025, complemented by foundational theories of service quality, perceived risk, servicescapes,
and institutional trust, this review demonstrates that functional attributes alone—such as reliability, cleanliness, affordability, or
first/last-mile access—cannot sufficiently address deep-rooted psychological and institutional barriers. Case illustrations from Jakarta
and other Indonesian cities show that credence-oriented interventions, including transparency-by-design mechanisms, platform-style
communication cues, survivor-centric reporting systems, enhanced staff visibility, and predictive passenger information, can more
effectively alleviate PSD and reduce TA.
This review contributes theoretically by reframing public transport avoidance in Indonesia as a credence-driven service adoption
challenge, shaped by affective perceptions and trust judgments rather than operational performance alone. Practically, it introduces the
Trust-and-Safety Signalling Mix, a framework that integrates psychological safety, institutional transparency, and user-centred design
to support Indonesia’s transition toward a safer, more reliable, and more trustworthy public transport ecosystem.

IJO -International Journal of Business Management ( E:ISSN 2811-2504 ) (P.ISSN: 2384-5961)

AN APPRAISAL OF BANKS COMPLIANCE WITH CORPORATE GOVERNANCE CODES IN NIGERIA

Understanding Public Transport Avoidance in Indonesia: A Narrative Review of Psychological Safety Deficit and Trust Asymmetry as Core Barriers to Adoption