Constitutional Liberty and Protest Policing: A Comparative Perspective on Structural Impunity, Gen Z Dissent and Accountability Reform in Nepal Doctrinal and comparative legal research

Prajwal Bhattarai — 2026-10-26

Nepal’s Constitution of 2015 protects dignity, personal liberty, peaceful assembly and constitutional remedies. Yet investigations into the 2015 Terai protests and the September 2025 Gen Z uprising expose a persistent gap between rights and the use of state coercion. This paper argues that the gap is best understood through an accountability chain: broad public-order powers, qualified protection for official acts, evidentiary dependence and uncertain institutional implementation. The analysis focuses on sections 35, 37 and 38 of the Police Act, 2012 B.S. (1955 C.E.), sections 6, 6A and 6B of the Local Administration Act, 2028 B.S. (1971 C.E.) and Nepal’s duties under the ICCPR and Convention against Torture.

Through doctrinal analysis, a source-critical reconstruction of protest events, peer-reviewed scholarship and carefully delimited comparative jurisprudence, the article separates contemporaneous death counts from later totals, inquiry recommendations from court judgments and state violence from crimes by other actors. It incorporates the 2026 inquiry and National Human Rights Commission findings, one-year anniversary reporting and the October 2026 review of protest-related criminal cases. Its central contribution is a rights-consistent and measurable program for controlling force, preserving evidence, independently investigating deaths and protecting remedies without undermining legitimate public safety.

The Survivability of Intelligent Life on Earth: Some Basic Contrasting Approaches

Graham Nicholson — 2026-11-05

If you survey the contemporary global scene and its human society, there are a number of major issues in process that raise questions about the survivability of that human in society as an intelligent social species into the longer term future. It is possible to debate the nature of those questions and the degree of threats they pose to humanity, but these are matters requiring some considerable expertise. It is not necessary in this article to discuss the threats in any detail. Sufficient to note the concerns that are sometimes now expressed about such matters of observable concern, for example, as the existence of various violent, terrible conflicts in the world, the breakdowns in global order and the many deep divisions and prejudices amongst humanity, the potential for the use of weapons of mass destruction[1] and the increased reliance on and build up of offensive weapons, concerns about gross human rights abuses and genocide, concerns about global environmental degradation and climate change[2] and concerns about artificial intelligence and the manipulation and abuse of electronic mediums. There may well be other such concerns. The relevant point here is that concerns are sometimes being seriously expressed about whether they point to questions about the long term survivability of the human species as intelligent beings in the light of contemporary directions. Some prominent commentators who have even considered such a topic may, for obvious reasons, be reluctant to predict the non survivability of humanity, at least without making suggestions as to how this could be corrected or averted. But a potential existential threat is sometimes expressed by some prominent in various fields. That threat may be actively being examined in some quarters. Sometimes the view is expressed as a question as to the survivability of all life on earth including humanity[3]. These views deserve consideration. A selection of relevant quotes follows:

[1] Albert Einstein is famously credited with saying, "I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones." This may have been a paraphrase of Einstein’s well known views on the subject.

[2] The dangers from climate change are believed by some to constitute a threat to the survivability of the human race in that climactic conditions could become such as to create non livable conditions. It has even been suggested that the ongoing mass extinction of other living things is itself a threat to the persistence of civilization because it is now irreversible.

[3] “The fact is that no species has ever had such wholesale control over everything on Earth, living or dead, as we now have. That lays upon us, whether we like it or not, an awesome responsibility. In our hands now lies not only our own future, but that of all other living creatures with whom we share the Earth.”- (from David Attenborough’s documentary series, Life On Earth).

IJO- International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ( E:ISSN 2811-2466 ) (P.ISSN: 2384-6097)

Constitutional Liberty and Protest Policing: A Comparative Perspective on Structural Impunity, Gen Z Dissent and Accountability Reform in Nepal Doctrinal and comparative legal research

The Survivability of Intelligent Life on Earth: Some Basic Contrasting Approaches