PSYCHOLOGICAL HOPE AND ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS OF STUDENTS IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES.
Keywords:
Psychological Hope, Entrepreneurial Intentions, Students, Niger Delta Region, Nigeria
Abstract
The study examined the relationship between psychological hope and students’ entrepreneurial intentions. The sample for the study consists of 305 students from the five Federal Government-owned universities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. A quasi-experimental research design was employed, and data was collected through a cross-sectional survey. The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient and Multiple Regression Analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 15 were used for data analysis. The findings revealed a positive and statistically significant relationship between psychological hope and students’ entrepreneurial intentions in the Federal Government-owned universities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Specifically, students willpower (agency) and way power (pathways) were revealed to have a positive and statistically significant influence on students’entrepreneurial intentions in the Federal Government-owned universities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Based on these findings, the study concludes that psychological hope plays a significant role in enhancing students’ entrepreneurial intentions in the Federal Government-owned universities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Specifically, the study concludes that students'willpower (agency) and way power (pathways) play significant roles in enhancing their entrepreneurial intentions in the Federal Government-owned universities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The theoretical and managerial implications of these findings were also discussed.
References
Ajzen, Icek, (1991) "The theory of planned behavior."Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, December, Vol. 50, No. 2. PP. 179-211.
Aldrich, H. (1999) Organizations Evolving. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.
Amendolia, B. (2010) “Hope and parents of the critically ill newborn: a concept analysis.”Adv Neonatal Care, Vol. 10, No. 3, (June). PP. 140-4.
Atkinson, J. W. (1957) Motives in Fantasy, Action, and Society. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
Bandura, A. (1997) Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
Baridam, D.M. (2001) Research Methods in Administrative sciences, 2nd Ed, Port Harcourt: Sherbrookes Associates.
Bates, T. (1995) “Self Employment Entry across Industry Groups.” Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 12, No. 2. PP. 109–124.
Benzein, E. and Saveman, B. (1998) “One step towards the understanding of hope: a concept analysis.”International Journal of Nursing Studies,Vol. 35, Issue 6. PP. 322-329
Bird, B. (1988) “Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intentinon.” The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 13, No. 3. PP. 442–453.
Boyd, R. (1990). “Black and Asian self–employment in large metropolitan areas: A comparative analysis.” Social Problems, Vol. 37, No. 2. PP. 258–274.
Budner, S. (1982) “Intolerance of ambiguity as a personality variable.” Journal of Personality, Vol. 30. PP. 29–50.
Burt, R. (1992) Structural Holes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Clinton, C. (2010) “What is Hope?” (People.howstuffworks.com/what-is-hope?)
Cooper, D.R. and Schindler P.M. (2001) Business Research Methods, New York: The McGraw Hill Co., Inc.
Evans, D., and Leighton, L. (1989) “Some empirical aspects of entrepreneurship.” American Economic Review, Vol. 79. PP. 519–535.
Fini, R., Grimaldi, R., and Sobrero, M. (2009) “Factors Fostering Academics to Start up New Ventures: an Assessment of Italian Founders' Incentives.” Journal of Technology Transfer, forthcoming.
Fitzgerald, M. J. (2007) “Hope: A Construct Central to Nursing.” Nurs Forum, Vol. 42, No.1 ( Jan-Mar). PP. 12-29.
Gartner, W. B. (1989) “Who is an Entrepreneur? Is The Wrong Question.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 13, No.4. PP. 47–68.
Gupta, A.K., and Govindarajan, V. (2000). “Knowledge flows within multinational corporations.” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21, No.4. PP. 473–496.
Helland, M.R. and Winston, B.E (2005) “Towards a Deeper Understanding of Hope and Leadership.” Journal of Leadership and Organization Studies.
Hendricks-Ferguson V (2008) “Hope and spiritual well-being in adolescents with cancer.” West J Nurs Res. Apr, Vol. 30, No. 3. PP. 385-401.
Isenberg, D.J. (2010) “How to Start an Entrepreneurial Revolution.” Harvard Business Review, (June). PP. 41-50.
Khalili, A. (2012) “Appraising the Impact of Gender Differences on Organizational Commitment: Empirical Evidence from a Private SME in Iran.” International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 7, No. 5; March.
Kolvereid, L. (1996) “Prediction of employment status choice intentions.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 21. PP. 47–57.
Krueger, N. F. and Brazeal, D. V. (1994) “Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs.” Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice, Vol. 18, No.3. PP. 91–104.
Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M., and Carsrud, A. (2000) “Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions.” Journal of Business Venturing,Vol. 15, N0.5/6. PP. 411–432.
Lerner, J and Sahlman, W. (2012) Policy Decisions in 12 Areas Could Nurture- or Cripple- America’s Greatest Asset.” Harvard Business Review, (March), PP.116-119.
Lerner, J. (1999) “The Government as Venture Capitalist: The Long-Run Impact of the SBIR Program.” Journal of Business,Vol. 72, No.3. PP. 285–318.
Lowe, R. (2002) “Invention, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: The commercialization of University research by Inventor Founded Firms, PhD dissertation, University of California at Berkeley.
Luthans F, and Youssef, C.M. (2004) “Human, Social, and now Positive Psychological Capital Management: Investing in the People for Competitive Advantage.” Organizational Dynamics, Vol.33, No. 2. PP. 143-160.
Luthans, F., Avolio, B.J., Avey, J.B., and Norman, S.M. (2007) Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, Vol. 60. PP. 541–572.
Luthans, F., Youssef, C., and Avolio, B.J. (2007) Investing and developing positive organizational behavior. The emergence of psychological capital. In Cooper, C.L., and Nelson, D. (Eds.) Positive organizational behavior: Accentuating the positive at work (PP.9-24). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Magaletta, P. R., and Oliver, J. M. (1999) “The Hope Construct, Will and Ways: Their Relations With Self-Efficacy, Optimism, And Well Being”. Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol. 55. PP. 539–551.
Martin, J. and Schmidt, C. (2010) “How To Keep Your Top Talent”, Harvard Business Review, (May). PP. 54 – 61.
McClelland, D. C. (1961) The Achieving Society. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
Merriam S.B (1988) Case Study Research in Education: A Qualitative Approach. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Miles, M.B and Huberman, A.M (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis, 2nd Ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Mitchel, J. (1981) The Effect of Intentions, Tenure, Personal, and Organizational Variables on Managerial Turnover.” The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 24, No. 4. PP. 742–751.
Morris, M., and Lewis, P. (1995) “The determinants of entrepreneurial activity.” European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 29, No. 7. PP. 31–48.
Peterson, Suzanne J., and Fred Luthans. (2003) “The positive impact and development of hopeful leaders.” Leadership and Organization Development Journal, (January). PP. 26-31.
Reynolds, P., Carter, N., Gartner, W., Greene, P., and Cox, L. (2002) The entrepreneur next door, characteristics of individuals starting companies in America. Kansas City, MO: Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation.
Roberts, E.B., and Fusfeld, A.R. (1981) “Staffing the Innovative Technology–Based Organization.” Sloan Management Review,Vol. 22, No. 3. PP. 19–30.
Seligman, M. (1998). Learned optimism. New York: Pocket Books.
Shane, S., and Venkataraman, S. (2000) “The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research.” Academy of Management Review, Vol. 25, No. 1. PP. 217–226.
Snyder, C. R. (2002). “Hope theory: rainbows in the mind.” Psychological Inquiry, Vol. 13. PP. 249–275.
Snyder, CR (1994). The Psychology of Hope. New York: Free Press.
Stewart, W., and Roth, P. (2001) “Risk propensity differences between entrepreneurs and managers: A meta-analytic review.” Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 86, No. 1. PP. 145–153.
Storey, D. J. (1991) “The Birth of New Firms – Does Unemployment Matter? A Review of Evidence.” Small Business Economics,Vol. 3. PP. 167–178.
Sutton, S. (1998) “Predicting and Explaining Intentions and Behavior: How Well Are We Doing?” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 28, No. 15.PP. 1317–1338.
Tubbs, M. E., and Ekeberg, S. E. (1991) “The role of intentions in work motivation: Implications for goal-setting theory and research.” Academy of Management Review, Vol. 16. PP. 180–199.
Walker, L.O. and Avant, K.C. (1995) Strategies of Theory Construction in Nursing (3rd Ed). Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, CT.
Wiklund, J. (1999) “The sustainability of the entrepreneurial orientation - performance relationship.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 24, No. 1. PP. 37–48.
Wiklund, J., and Shepherd, D. (2003). “Knowledge-Based Resources, Entrepreneurial Orientation, and the Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses.” Strategic Management Journal,Vol. 24. PP. 1307–1314.
Zhou, J. and George, J. M. (2003). “Awakening employee creativity: The role of leader emotional intelligence.” The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 14.PP. 545-568.
Aldrich, H. (1999) Organizations Evolving. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.
Amendolia, B. (2010) “Hope and parents of the critically ill newborn: a concept analysis.”Adv Neonatal Care, Vol. 10, No. 3, (June). PP. 140-4.
Atkinson, J. W. (1957) Motives in Fantasy, Action, and Society. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
Bandura, A. (1997) Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
Baridam, D.M. (2001) Research Methods in Administrative sciences, 2nd Ed, Port Harcourt: Sherbrookes Associates.
Bates, T. (1995) “Self Employment Entry across Industry Groups.” Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 12, No. 2. PP. 109–124.
Benzein, E. and Saveman, B. (1998) “One step towards the understanding of hope: a concept analysis.”International Journal of Nursing Studies,Vol. 35, Issue 6. PP. 322-329
Bird, B. (1988) “Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intentinon.” The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 13, No. 3. PP. 442–453.
Boyd, R. (1990). “Black and Asian self–employment in large metropolitan areas: A comparative analysis.” Social Problems, Vol. 37, No. 2. PP. 258–274.
Budner, S. (1982) “Intolerance of ambiguity as a personality variable.” Journal of Personality, Vol. 30. PP. 29–50.
Burt, R. (1992) Structural Holes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Clinton, C. (2010) “What is Hope?” (People.howstuffworks.com/what-is-hope?)
Cooper, D.R. and Schindler P.M. (2001) Business Research Methods, New York: The McGraw Hill Co., Inc.
Evans, D., and Leighton, L. (1989) “Some empirical aspects of entrepreneurship.” American Economic Review, Vol. 79. PP. 519–535.
Fini, R., Grimaldi, R., and Sobrero, M. (2009) “Factors Fostering Academics to Start up New Ventures: an Assessment of Italian Founders' Incentives.” Journal of Technology Transfer, forthcoming.
Fitzgerald, M. J. (2007) “Hope: A Construct Central to Nursing.” Nurs Forum, Vol. 42, No.1 ( Jan-Mar). PP. 12-29.
Gartner, W. B. (1989) “Who is an Entrepreneur? Is The Wrong Question.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 13, No.4. PP. 47–68.
Gupta, A.K., and Govindarajan, V. (2000). “Knowledge flows within multinational corporations.” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21, No.4. PP. 473–496.
Helland, M.R. and Winston, B.E (2005) “Towards a Deeper Understanding of Hope and Leadership.” Journal of Leadership and Organization Studies.
Hendricks-Ferguson V (2008) “Hope and spiritual well-being in adolescents with cancer.” West J Nurs Res. Apr, Vol. 30, No. 3. PP. 385-401.
Isenberg, D.J. (2010) “How to Start an Entrepreneurial Revolution.” Harvard Business Review, (June). PP. 41-50.
Khalili, A. (2012) “Appraising the Impact of Gender Differences on Organizational Commitment: Empirical Evidence from a Private SME in Iran.” International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 7, No. 5; March.
Kolvereid, L. (1996) “Prediction of employment status choice intentions.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 21. PP. 47–57.
Krueger, N. F. and Brazeal, D. V. (1994) “Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs.” Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice, Vol. 18, No.3. PP. 91–104.
Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M., and Carsrud, A. (2000) “Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions.” Journal of Business Venturing,Vol. 15, N0.5/6. PP. 411–432.
Lerner, J and Sahlman, W. (2012) Policy Decisions in 12 Areas Could Nurture- or Cripple- America’s Greatest Asset.” Harvard Business Review, (March), PP.116-119.
Lerner, J. (1999) “The Government as Venture Capitalist: The Long-Run Impact of the SBIR Program.” Journal of Business,Vol. 72, No.3. PP. 285–318.
Lowe, R. (2002) “Invention, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: The commercialization of University research by Inventor Founded Firms, PhD dissertation, University of California at Berkeley.
Luthans F, and Youssef, C.M. (2004) “Human, Social, and now Positive Psychological Capital Management: Investing in the People for Competitive Advantage.” Organizational Dynamics, Vol.33, No. 2. PP. 143-160.
Luthans, F., Avolio, B.J., Avey, J.B., and Norman, S.M. (2007) Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, Vol. 60. PP. 541–572.
Luthans, F., Youssef, C., and Avolio, B.J. (2007) Investing and developing positive organizational behavior. The emergence of psychological capital. In Cooper, C.L., and Nelson, D. (Eds.) Positive organizational behavior: Accentuating the positive at work (PP.9-24). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Magaletta, P. R., and Oliver, J. M. (1999) “The Hope Construct, Will and Ways: Their Relations With Self-Efficacy, Optimism, And Well Being”. Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol. 55. PP. 539–551.
Martin, J. and Schmidt, C. (2010) “How To Keep Your Top Talent”, Harvard Business Review, (May). PP. 54 – 61.
McClelland, D. C. (1961) The Achieving Society. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
Merriam S.B (1988) Case Study Research in Education: A Qualitative Approach. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Miles, M.B and Huberman, A.M (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis, 2nd Ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Mitchel, J. (1981) The Effect of Intentions, Tenure, Personal, and Organizational Variables on Managerial Turnover.” The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 24, No. 4. PP. 742–751.
Morris, M., and Lewis, P. (1995) “The determinants of entrepreneurial activity.” European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 29, No. 7. PP. 31–48.
Peterson, Suzanne J., and Fred Luthans. (2003) “The positive impact and development of hopeful leaders.” Leadership and Organization Development Journal, (January). PP. 26-31.
Reynolds, P., Carter, N., Gartner, W., Greene, P., and Cox, L. (2002) The entrepreneur next door, characteristics of individuals starting companies in America. Kansas City, MO: Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation.
Roberts, E.B., and Fusfeld, A.R. (1981) “Staffing the Innovative Technology–Based Organization.” Sloan Management Review,Vol. 22, No. 3. PP. 19–30.
Seligman, M. (1998). Learned optimism. New York: Pocket Books.
Shane, S., and Venkataraman, S. (2000) “The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research.” Academy of Management Review, Vol. 25, No. 1. PP. 217–226.
Snyder, C. R. (2002). “Hope theory: rainbows in the mind.” Psychological Inquiry, Vol. 13. PP. 249–275.
Snyder, CR (1994). The Psychology of Hope. New York: Free Press.
Stewart, W., and Roth, P. (2001) “Risk propensity differences between entrepreneurs and managers: A meta-analytic review.” Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 86, No. 1. PP. 145–153.
Storey, D. J. (1991) “The Birth of New Firms – Does Unemployment Matter? A Review of Evidence.” Small Business Economics,Vol. 3. PP. 167–178.
Sutton, S. (1998) “Predicting and Explaining Intentions and Behavior: How Well Are We Doing?” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 28, No. 15.PP. 1317–1338.
Tubbs, M. E., and Ekeberg, S. E. (1991) “The role of intentions in work motivation: Implications for goal-setting theory and research.” Academy of Management Review, Vol. 16. PP. 180–199.
Walker, L.O. and Avant, K.C. (1995) Strategies of Theory Construction in Nursing (3rd Ed). Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, CT.
Wiklund, J. (1999) “The sustainability of the entrepreneurial orientation - performance relationship.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 24, No. 1. PP. 37–48.
Wiklund, J., and Shepherd, D. (2003). “Knowledge-Based Resources, Entrepreneurial Orientation, and the Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses.” Strategic Management Journal,Vol. 24. PP. 1307–1314.
Zhou, J. and George, J. M. (2003). “Awakening employee creativity: The role of leader emotional intelligence.” The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 14.PP. 545-568.
Published
2024-01-31
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2024 IJO - International Journal of Educational Research (ISSN: 2805-413X)
Author(s) and co-author(s) jointly and severally represent and warrant that the Article is original with the author(s) and does not infringe any copyright or violate any other right of any third parties and that the Article has not been published elsewhere. Author(s) agree to the terms that the IJO Journal will have the full right to remove the published article on any misconduct found in the published article.
